In semiotics—the study of how signification works— an indexical sign is a "mode in which the signifier is not arbitrary but is directly connected in some way (physically or causally) to the signified."[cit]

"Cinema verite is a style of documentary filmmaking, combining naturalistic techniques with stylized cinematic devices of editing and camerawork, staged set-ups, and the use of the camera to provoke subjects."[cit]

Video and film have been used throughout their history to witness and document atrocities of those in power, as well as "people's history" of utopian political moments.

Iran's revolution on film: "When millions of Iranians flooded the streets in June 2009 to protest the disputed election, it was all recorded—on video cameras and cell phones. For the West, these grainy amateur images were the only witness to the uprising and the brutal crackdown."[cit]

This video is taken from newstodayvideo, who presents no other news on the channel page. This video captures protests and violence after an election in Iran. For more information, see the New York Times.

One of my ten founding terms for this project is pedagogy. Also understood as a matter of access, it is always necessary to consider who is taught to be a mediamaker and with what orientation, skills, and values; and who is taught to be critical of the media, as well.